Date of Birth : 17th April 1972
Place of Birth : Kandy, Sri Lanka
Nick Name : Murali
Height : 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)
Batting Style : Right-Handed
Bowling Style : Right-Arm Off Break
Role : Bowler, Sri Lanka vice captain
Test Debut (cap 54) : 28th August 1992 v Australia
ODI Debut (cap 70) : 12th August 1993 v India
Muttiah Muralitharan often referred to as Murali, is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who was rated the greatest Test match bowler ever by Wisden Cricketers' Almanack in 2002. Muttiah Muralitharan retired from Test cricket in 2010, registering his 800th and final wicket on 22 July 2010 from his final ball in his last Test match.
Muralitharan is the highest wicket-taker in both Test cricket and in One Day Internationals (ODIs). Muttiah Muralitharan took the wicket of Gautam Gambhir on 5 February 2009 in Colombo to surpass Wasim Akram's ODI record of 501 wickets.Muralitharan became the highest wicket-taker in Test cricket when he overtook the previous record-holder Shane Warne on 3 December 2007. Muralitharan had previously held the record when he surpassed Courtney Walsh's 519 wickets in 2004, but he suffered a shoulder injury later that year and was then overtaken by Warne.
Averaging over six wickets per Test, Muralitharan was one of the most successful bowlers in the game. Muralitharan held the number one spot in the International Cricket Council’s player rankings for Test bowlers for a record period of 1,711 days spanning 214 Test matches.
Muralitharan's career has been beset with controversy; his bowling action called into question on a number of occasions by umpires and sections of the cricket community.After biomechanical analysis under simulated playing conditions, Muralitharan's action was cleared by the International Cricket Council, first in 1996 and again in 1999. Former Australian Test player, Bruce Yardley, who himself was an off spinner in his day, was assigned with the task of ensuring Muralitharan bowled all his deliveries with the same vigour as he would do so in match conditions when tested in 2004. Muralitharan had not commenced bowling the doosra at this time. The legality of his doosra was first called into question in 2004. This delivery was found to exceed the ICC elbow extension limit by nine degrees, five degrees being the limit for spinners at that time. Based on official studies into bowling actions, which revealed that 99% of bowlers whose actions were examined exceeded the elbow flexion limits, ICC revised the limits applying to all bowlers in 2005. Muralitharan's doosra falls within the revised limits.
In February 2009, after becoming cricket's highest wicket-taker in both forms of the game Muttiah Muralitharan hinted that he might retire at the conclusion of the 2011 World Cup. Muttiah Muralitharan stated "I think I am fit in my body and mind, I am enjoying my cricket and want to play more. But after the next World Cup, I will have nothing left to achieve in the game. The World Cup should mark the end of my career."Muralitharan announced his retirement from Test cricket after the first Test against India at Galle which commenced on 18 July 2010.During that match he captured 8 wickets and became the first to reach the milestone of taking 800 Test wickets by dismissing Pragyan Ojha.
Muttiah Muralitharan is the first and only Tamil of Indian origin to represent Sri Lanka in international cricket. Muttiah Muralitharan holds Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) and he does not need a visa for travelling to India. According to his manager, Kushil Gunasekera, Muralitharan qualifies for this status because his family originates from India.
Muralitharan's paternal grandfather Periyasamy Sinasamy came from South India to work in the tea plantations of central Sri Lanka in 1920.Muralitharans belong to the Kongu Vellalar caste which has majority of people from the north-western part of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.Sinasamy later returned to the country of his birth with his daughters and settled in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India. However his sons, including Muralitharan's father Muttiah, remained in Sri Lanka.
Muralitharan was born in the village of Nattarampotha in Kundasale (near Kandy), the eldest of the four sons to Sinnasamy Muttiah and Lakshmi. Muralitharan's father Sinnasamy Muttiah, runs a successful biscuit-making business.
When he was nine years old Muralitharan was sent to St. Anthony's College, Kandy, a private school run by Benedictine monks. Muttiah Muralitharan began his cricketing career as a medium pace bowler but on the advice of his school coach, Sunil Fernando, he took up off-spin when he was fourteen years old. Muttiah Muralitharan soon impressed and went on to play for four years in the school First XI. In those days he played as an all-rounder and batted in the middle order. In his final two seasons at St Anthony's College he took over one hundred wickets and in 1990/1 was named as the 'Bata Schoolboy Cricketer of the Year'.
After leaving school he joined Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club and was selected for the Sri Lanka A tour of England in 1991. Muttiah Muralitharan played in five games but failed to capture a single wicket. On his return to Sri Lanka he impressed against Allan Border's Australian team in a practice game and then went on to make his Test debut at R. Premadasa Stadium in the Second Test Match of the series.
When his grandfather died at the age of 104 in July 2004, Muralitharan returned home from a tour of India to attend his funeral. Periyasamy Sinasamy's first wish to see Muralitharan claiming the world record for the most Test wickets was realised (passing the record set by Courtney Walsh), but not his desire to live to see his grandson married. Muralitharan's grandmother had died one month earlier at the age of 97. Muralitharan's manager, Kushil Gunasekera stated that "Murali's family is closely knit and united. They respect traditional values. The late grandfather enjoyed a great relationship with Murali."Muralitharan married Madhimalar Ramamurthy, a Chennai girl, on 21 March 2005. Madhimalar is the daughter of late Dr S. Ramamurthy of Malar Hospitals, and his wife Dr Nithya Ramamurthy. Their first child, Naren, was born in January 2006. Muttiah has announced on the 3 April 2011 that he is retiring from sports all together.
Spelling and meaning of nameEven though his name has been widely romanised as Muralitharan since the commencement of his career, the cricketer himself prefers to romanise his name as Muralidaran. The different spellings have arisen because the Tamil letter ? can be pronounced as both 't' and 'd' depending on its place in a word. It is often transliterated as 'th' to distinguish it from another letter, ?, which is a retroflex 't' or 'd'. In 2007, when Cricket Australia decided to unveil the new Warne-Muralidaran Trophy, to be contested between Australia and Sri Lanka, Muralitharan was requested to clarify how his name should be spelt. Cricket Australia spokesman Peter Young confirmed that "the spelling he's given is Muralidaran".
The first day cover involving Muralitharan bears an official seal captioned as "The highest wicket taker in Test cricket, MUTHIAH MURALIDARAN, First Day of Issue 03.12.2007, Camp Post Office, Asgiriya International Cricket Stadium, Kandy".The name Muralitharan means "the bearer of the flute", which is a synonym for Lord Krishna, a deity in Hinduism who is said to play upon his bamboo flute while looking after cattle.
Domestic Cricket In Sri Lanka
Murali's last game in England, for Gloucestershire 13 July 2011. © Colin Malsingh 2011In domestic cricket, Muralitharan has played for two first-class Sri Lankan sides, Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club in the Premier Trophy and Central Province in the Provincial Championship. Muttiah Muralitharan record has been exceptional – 234 wickets at 14.51 runs in 46 matches.
In England. Muttiah Muralitharan has also played county cricket in England, mainly for Lancashire (1999, 2001, 2005 and 2007) where he appeared in twenty-eight first-class games for the club. Muttiah Muralitharan played five first class games for Kent during the 2003 season. Muttiah Muralitharan bowling record in English domestic cricket is also exceptional – 236 wickets at 15.62 runs in 33 matches.Despite his efforts, he has not been on a title winning first-class domestic team in either the Premier Trophy or the County Championship. Muttiah Muralitharan is unusual amongst the majority of current Test players in that he has played in more Test matches than other first-class games (116 Tests and 99 other first class matches as of 30 November 2007). Muttiah Muralitharan has been signed by Gloucestershire in 2011 to play in T20 matches.
At the 2011 IPL Player Auctions Muralitharan was brought by Kochi Tuskers Kerala for $1.1 million USD.
Muralitharan, was contracted to represent Bengal in the 2008–09 Ranji Trophy tournament. Muttiah Muralitharan was expected to play about four matches in the tournament's second division – the Plate League.
Bowling Style and Career Progress
A graph showing Muralitharan's Test career bowling statistics and how they have varied over time Muralitharan is the first wrist-spinning off-spinner in the history of the game. Muttiah Muralitharan bowls marathon spells, yet he is usually on the attack. Muttiah Muralitharan unique bowling action begins with an open-chested short run-up, and culminates with an extremely wristy release which had him mistaken for a leg-spinner early in his career by Allan Border. Aside from his off-break, his main deliveries are a fast topspinner which goes straight on, and the doosra, a surprise delivery which turns from leg to off (the opposite direction of his stock delivery) with no easily discernible change of action, Muttiah Muralitharan newest variation is a version of Shane Warne's slider, which is flicked out the side of his hand and rushes onto batsmen like a flipper. Muttiah Muralitharan super-flexible wrist makes him especially potent and guarantees him turn on any surface.
Since his debut in 1992, Muralitharan has taken 800 Test wickets and over 500 One Day International wickets, becoming the first player to take 1,000 wickets combined in the two main forms of international cricket.
Test Cricket
The youthful Muralitharan went from strength to strength, playing a major part in Sri Lanka's back-to-back Test victories against England and New Zealand in 1992–93. It was at this point in his career that he struck a close bond with his leader, mentor and one time business partner, the authoritative captain Arjuna Ranatunga. This relationship formed the bedrock of his success and meant that there were few doubts about his status as the team's sole wicket-taker. Ranatunga was thoroughly convinced that Muralitharan's precocious talent would signal a new era in Sri Lanka's short Test history.
In August 1993 at Moratuwa, Muralitharan captured 5 for 104 in South Africa's first innings, his first five-wicket haul in Tests. Muttiah Muralitharan wickets included Kepler Wessels, Hansie Cronje and Jonty Rhodes.
It was in New Zealand in March 1995 that Muralitharan displayed his qualities as a match-winner on any surface. In Sri Lanka's first triumph on foreign soil, Muralitharan confused the crease-bound New Zealanders on a grassy pitch in Dunedin. The Sri Lankan manager Duleep Mendis' claim that Muralitharan can turn the ball on concrete was confirmed. On the eve of his tour of Pakistan later that year, doubts were cast on his ability to trouble subcontinental batsmen. By taking 19 wickets in the series and delivering a historic 2–1 victory, the off-spinner silenced the doubters. The Pakistanis, who had negotiated Warne's leg-breaks in the previous home series, were never at ease against him.
Prior to the eventful Boxing Day Test of 1995, Muralitharan had captured 80 wickets in 22 Tests at an unflattering average of 32.74. Even at that point in his career he was the leading wicket taker for Sri Lanka having gone past Rumesh Ratnayake's aggregate of 73 wickets.
Boxing Day Test 1995.During the second Test between Sri Lanka and Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on Boxing Day 1995, Australian umpire Darrell Hair called Sri Lankan spinner Muttiah Muralitharan for throwing in front of a crowd of 55,239. The off-spinner was no-balled seven times in three overs by Hair, who believed the then 23 year old was bending his arm and straightening it in the process of delivery; an illegal action in cricket.
The drama unfolded midway through the second session of play. Muralitharan had bowled two overs before lunch from umpire Steve Dunne's or the Members' End of the ground with umpire Hair at square leg and these passed without incident. At 2:34 pm he took up the attack from umpire Hair's or the southern end. Muralitharan's third over was a maiden with all deliveries again passed as legitimate but in his fourth Hair no-balled him twice for throwing on the fourth and sixth balls. The umpire continued to call him three times in his fifth over on the second, fourth and sixth balls. While the bowler stood with his hands on his hips perplexed, the five calls provoked an immediate response by the Sri Lankan captain Arjuna Ranatunga who left the field at 3:03 pm in order to take advice from his team management. Muttiah Muralitharan returned at 3:08 pm and continued with Muralitharan who was called two more times in his sixth over on the second and sixth balls. At 3:17 pm Ranatunga removed the bowler from the attack, although he reintroduced him at 3:30 pm at umpire Dunne's end. Although Hair reports in his book, "Decision Maker", that at the end of the tea break he stated that he would call Muralitharan no matter which end he bowled he did not do so. Muralitharan completed another twelve overs without further no-balls and, after bowling Mark Waugh, finished the day with figures of 18–3–58–1.The controversy bubbled on during the two-day long Australian innings. After being no-balled Muralitharan bowled a further 32 overs from umpire Steve Dunne's end without protest from either Dunne or Hair, at square leg. The Sri Lankan camp was outraged after the incident, but the ICC leapt to Hair's defence, outlining a list of steps they had taken in the past to determine, without result, the legitimacy of Muralitharan's action. By calling Muralitharan from the bowlers' end Hair overrode what is normally regarded as the authority of the square leg umpire in adjudicating on throwing. Dunne would have had to break convention to support his partner.
Muralitharan's action was cleared by the ICC after biomechanical analysis at the University of Western Australia and at the Hong Kong University of Science & Technology in 1996. They concluded that his action created the 'optical illusion of throwing'.
Mid Career. On 16 March 1997, Muralitharan became the first Sri Lankan to reach 100 Test wickets, when he dismissed Stephen Fleming in the second innings of the Hamilton Test.
In January 1998, Muralitharan took his first ten-wicket haul against Zimbabwe in the first Test at Kandy. Sri Lanka won by eight wickets and Muralitharan had figures of 12 for 117.
In August that same year Muralitharan produces his career-best Test match figures of 16 for 220, in the one-off Test against England. In England's second innings Muralitharan bowled a marathon 54.2 overs to pick up 9 for 65 runs,the other wicket being a run out. Ben Hollioake becomes his 200th Test wicket. Sri Lanka won by ten wickets, their first Test victory in England. After breaking the world record for the most Test wickets in 2007, Muralitharan commented that his 1998 performance at the Oval against England, was his career highlight. Muttiah Muralitharan stated "Everyone thought I was a good bowler then and I didn't look back from there."
Playing his 58th Test, Muralitharan claimed his 300th Test wicket when he dismissed Shaun Pollock in the first Test in Durban, in December 2000. Only Dennis Lillee reached the milestone faster, in his 56th Test.
On 4 January 2002 in Kandy Muralitharan might have finished with the best-ever figures for a single innings, but after he had claimed nine wickets against Zimbabwe Russel Arnold dropped a catch at short leg. Muttiah Muralitharan missed out on the tenth when Chaminda Vaas dismissed Henry Olonga caught behind amid stifled appeals. Muralitharan follows up his 9 for 51 in the first innings with 4 for 64 in the second, equalling Richard Hadlee's record of 10 ten-wicket match hauls, but needing 15 fewer Tests to do so.
On 16 March 2004 Muralitharan became the fastest and the youngest bowler to reach 500 wickets during the second Test between Sri Lanka and Australia played in Kandy. In his 87th Test, he bowled Kasprowicz to claim his 500th victim just four days after Warne reached the landmark on the fifth day of the first Test between the two teams at Galle. Warne took 108 Tests to reach 500. Muralitharan took 4–48 on the first day of the second Test as Australia were skittled for 120 in the first innings.
Passing Walsh and Warne
Muttiah Muralitharan receives a guard of honour from his team mates, after breaking Courtney Walsh's record in Harare, Zimbabwe 2004.In May 2004, Muralitharan overtook West Indian Courtney Walsh's record of 519 Test match wickets to become the highest wicket-taker. Zimbabwe's Mluleki Nkala becomes Muralitharan's 520th scalp in Tests. Muralitharan held the record until Shane Warne claimed it in October 2004. Warne surpassed Sri Lankan Muttiah Muralitharan's mark of 532 wickets by dismissing India's Irfan Pathan. Warne said he enjoyed his duel with Muralitharan, who was sidelined following shoulder surgery at the time.
After an outstanding year Muralitharan was adjudged as the Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World in 2006. In six Tests, he took 60 wickets. Muttiah Muralitharan took ten in each of four successive matches, the second time he has performed such a feat. The opponents for his 60-wicket haul were England away, South Africa at home and New Zealand away: serious opposition. In all, Muralitharan took 90 wickets in 11 Tests in the calendar year.
In July 2007, Muttiah Muralitharan become the second bowler after Australia's Shane Warne to capture 700 Test wickets. The off-spinner reached the landmark when he had Bangladesh's last man Syed Rasel caught in the deep by Farveez Maharoof on the fourth day of the third and final Test at the Asgiriya stadium in Kandy. The dismissal signalled Sri Lanka's victory by an innings and 193 runs to give the host a 3–0 sweep of the series. Muralitharan finished with six wickets in each innings to claim 10 wickets or more in a Test for the 20th time.However, he was unable to pass Warne's record of 708 wickets when Sri Lanka toured Australia in November 2007, capturing just four wickets in two Test matches.
Beyond the world recordIn July 2008, Muralitharan and Ajantha Mendis stopped India's strong batting as Sri Lanka won the first Test by a record innings and 239 runs in Colombo. Muralitharan finished the match with 11 wickets for 110, as India were shot out for 138 in their second innings after conceding a lead of 377 on the fourth day. Muttiah Muralitharan was well supported by debutant Ajantha Mendis, an unorthodox spinner with plenty of variation, who took eight wickets in his debut match.
Muralitharan believed the emergence of Mendis would help prolong his own career. Muralitharan, 36, and 23-year-old Mendis formed a formidable partnership in the first Test thrashing of India, taking 19 of the 20 wickets between them. "If he keeps performing this way, he will definitely take a lot of wickets in international cricket. Now that he has come, I think I can play Test cricket a few more years. Bowling 50 overs in a Test innings is very hard. Now if I bowl only 30–35 and he bowls more than me, the job will get easier for me."
Performance Analysis
Table: Test bowling performance
A Summary of Muralitharan's Test bowling performance against all opponents.
Versus M O M R W 5w 10w Best Avg S/R E/R
Australia 13* 685.3 100 2128 59 5 1 6 for 59 36.07 69.7 3.1
Bangladesh 11 452.0 114 1190 89 11 4 6 for 18 13.37 30.4 2.6
England 16 1102.1 348 2247 112 8 4 9 for 65 20.06 59.0 2.0
India 22 1125.2 215 3297 105 7 2 8 for 87 32.32 66.1 2.9
New Zealand 14 753.2 203 1776 82 5 1 6 for 87 21.53 55.1 2.3
Pakistan 16 782.5 184 2027 80 5 1 6 for 71 25.46 58.7 2.6
South Africa 15 984.4 221 2311 104 11 4 7 for 84 22.22 56.8 2.3
West Indies 12 622.3 143 1609 82 9 3 8 for 46 19.62 45.5 2.6
Zimbabwe 14 786.5 259 1467 87 6 2 9 for 51 16.86 54.2 1.9
Overall (9) 133 7339.5 1794 18180 800 67 22 9 for 51 22.72 55.0 2.5
In July 2007, Muralitharan achieved a career peak Test Bowling Rating of 920, based on the LG ICC Player Rankings. This is the highest ever rating achieved by a spin bowler in Test cricket. This also puts him in fourth place in the LG ICC Best-Ever Test bowling ratings.
Muralitharan has the unique distinction of getting 10 or more wickets in a match against all other nine Test playing nations as well as capturing over 50 wickets against each of them. Muttiah Muralitharan has also obtained 7 or more wickets in an innings against five nations, namely England, India, South Africa, West Indies and Zimbabwe (refer to table above). Muttiah Muralitharan also took at least five five-fors against all the other nine Test sides.The only country in which he failed to take a five-for was Australia, where his best innings analysis in five Tests was 3 for 55.
Muttiah Muralitharan currently holds the highest wickets/match ratio (6.1) for any bowler with over 200 Test wickets and has also represented Sri Lanka in 118 Tests of the 175 that they have played (67.4%).
Against teams excluding Bangladesh and Zimbabwe, Muralitharan took 624 wickets in 108 Tests. By comparison, excluding his matches against Bangladesh and Zimbabwe, Warne took 691 wickets in 142 tests. Murali's average of 24.05 is slightly superior to Warne's career average of 25.41. Muralitharan won 18 Man of the Match awards in Test cricket.
During Muralitharan's playing days, the ICC Future Tours Programme denied Sri Lanka and several other teams a level playing field. As a consequence Muralitharan never toured South Africa after December 2002 and never playing a Test at the spin-friendly Sydney Cricket Ground.
Another comparison of Muralitharan's bowling record against other successful international bowlers is their career record away from home. Muralitharan has received criticism that he has enjoyed great success on home soil, taking wickets on pitches that are more spin-friendly than other international pitches. A quick analysis of his Test record of matches played outside Sri Lanka shows that from 52 matches he has taken 278 wickets at an average of 26.24 runs per wicket, with a strike rate of 60.1 balls per wicket. Similarly, spin bowling rival Shane Warne retired with a slightly superior 'away' record of 362 wickets from 73 matches, at an average of 25.50 and a strike rate of 56.7. Due to the variabilities of Test cricket such as grounds played at and opposition played against it is difficult to compare the quality of the top level players and, as such, is very difficult and subjective. However it is clear that Muralitharan did much better playing at home to test minnows Zimbabwe and Bangladesh, averaging less than 16 runs a wicket.
Cricinfo's statistics editor S Rajesh concluded that the decade 2000–2009 was the best 10-year period for Test batsmen since the 1940s. Muralitharan was clearly the leading Test wicket-taker during this period, capturing 565 wickets at 20.97 in spite of the dominance of the bat over ball. Shane Warne captured 357 wickets at an average of 25.17 during the decade.Of spinners with over Test 100 wickets only John Briggs (17.75), Jim Laker (21.24), Bill O Reilly (22.59) and Clarrie Grimmett (24.21) have sub 25.00 bowling averages.
Test wicket Milestones
Number Batsman Method
Score Team Match # Test # Notes
1st Craig McDermott lbw 9 Australia 1 1195
50th Navjot Sidhu caught Ruwan Kalpage 43 India 13 1247
74th Inzamam-ul-Haq caught and bowled 26 Pakistan 20 1305 Breaks Rumesh Ratnayake's Sri Lankan record
100th Stephen Fleming bowled 59 New Zealand 27 1359
150th Guy Whittall caught Mahela Jayawardene 17 Zimbabwe 36 1395
200th Dominic Cork caught Romesh Kaluwitharana 8 England 42 1423
250th Naved Ashraf lbw 27 Pakistan 51 1489
300th Shaun Pollock caught Tillakaratne Dilshan 11 South Africa 58 1526
350th Mohammad Sharif caught and bowled 19 Bangladesh 66 1561
400th Henry Olonga bowled 0 Zimbabwe 72 1585
450th Daryl Tuffey caught Sanath Jayasuriya 1 New Zealand 80 1644
500th Michael Kasprowicz bowled 0 Australia 87 1688
520th Mluleki Nkala caught Mahela Jayawardene 24 Zimbabwe 89 1698 Breaks Courtney Walsh's world record
600th Khaled Mashud caught Lasith Malinga 6 Bangladesh 101 1786
650th Makhaya Ntini caught Farveez Maharoof 13 South Africa 108 1812
700th Syed Rasel caught Farveez Maharoof 4 Bangladesh 113 1839
709th Paul Collingwood bowled 45 England 116 1851 Breaks Shane Warne's world record
750th Sourav Ganguly stumped Prasanna Jayawardene 16 India 122 1884
800th Pragyan Ojha caught Mahela Jayawardene 13 India 133 1964 Muttiah Muralitharan final delivery in Test cricket
Five Wickets in an Innings
Muralitharan has taken five or more wickets in an innings on 67 occasions in Test cricket, which is a world record. In comparison Shane Warne who is in second place has performed the feat 37 times.
Table: Five wickets in an innings
A list of occasions Muralitharan has taken of five or more wickets in a Test Innings.
# Date Versus Ground Innings Bowling
1 25 August 1993 South Africa De Soysa Park 1st 5 for 104
2 6 September 1993 South Africa Sinhalese Sports Gr 1st 5 for 101
3 18 January 1994 India K.D. Singh Stadium 1st 5 for 162
4 11 March 1995 New Zealand McLean Park 2nd 5 for 64
5 15 September 1995 Pakistan Iqbal Stadium 1st 5 for 68
6 11 September 1996 Zimbabwe Premadasa Stadium 2nd 5 for 33
7 19 April 1997 Pakistan Premadasa Stadium 1st 6 for 98
8 13 June 1997 West Indies Antigua Rec Ground 1st 5 for 34
9 20 June 1997 West Indies Amos Vale Ground 2nd 5 for 113
10 7 January 1998 Zimbabwe Asgiriya Stadium 1st 5 for 23
11 7 January 1998 Zimbabwe Asgiriya Stadium 2nd 7 for 94
12 27 March 1998 South Africa Supersport Park 1st 5 for 63
13 27 May 1998 New Zealand Premadasa Stadium 1st 5 for 90
14 10 June 1998 New Zealand Sinhalese Sports Gr 2nd 5 for 30
15 27 August 1998 England The Oval 1st 7 for 155
16 27 August 1998 England The Oval 2nd 9 for 65
17 22 September 1999 Australia Galle Stadium 1st 5 for 71
18 5 March 2000 Pakistan Arbab Niaz Stadium 2nd 6 for 71
19 14 June 2000 Pakistan Sinhalese Sports Gr 1st 5 for 115
21 20 July 2000 South Africa Galle Stadium 2nd 7 for 84
22 6 August 2000 South Africa Sinhalese Sports Gr 2nd 5 for 68
23 26 December 2000 South Africa Kingsmead 1st 5 for 122
24 26 December 2000 South Africa Kingsmead 2nd 6 for 39
25 14 August 2001 India Galle Stadium 2nd 5 for 49
26 29 August 2001 India Sinhalese Sports Gr 1st 8 for 87
27 6 September 2001 Bangladesh Sinhalese Sports Gr 1st 5 for 13
28 6 September 2001 Bangladesh Sinhalese Sports Gr 2nd 5 for 98
29 13 November 2001 West Indies Galle Stadium 1st 6 for 126
30 13 November 2001 West Indies Galle Stadium 2nd 5 for 44
31 21 November 2001 West Indies Asgiriya Stadium 2nd 6 for 81
32 4 January 2002 Zimbabwe Asgiriya Stadium 1st 9 for 51
33 12 January 2002 Zimbabwe Galle Stadium 1st 5 for 67
34 30 May 2002 England Edgbaston 1st 5 for 143
35 21 July 2002 Bangladesh P Saravanamuttu Stad 1st 5 for 39
36 21 July 2002 Bangladesh P Saravanamuttu Stad 2nd 5 for 59
37 3 May 2003 New Zealand Asgiriya Stadium 2nd 5 for 49
38 20 June 2003 West Indies Beausejour Stadium 1st 5 for 138
39 2 December 2003 England Galle Stadium 1st 7 for 46
40 8 March 2004 Australia Galle Stadium 1st 6 for 59
41 8 March 2004 Australia Galle Stadium 2nd 5 for 153
42 16 March 2004 Australia Asgiriya Stadium 2nd 5 for 173
43 24 March 2004 Australia Sinhalese Sports Gr 1st 5 for 123
44 6 May 2004 Zimbabwe Harare Sports Club 1st 6 for 45
45 13 July 2005 West Indies Sinhalese Sports Gr 2nd 6 for 36
46 22 July 2005 West Indies Asgiriya Stadium 2nd 8 for 46
47 12 September 2005 Bangladesh Premadasa Stadium 2nd 6 for 18
49 28 February 2006 Bangladesh Chittagong Div. Stad 2nd 6 for 54
50 8 March 2006 Bangladesh Shaheed Chandu Stad. 1st 5 for 79
51 3 April 2006 Pakistan Asgiriya Stadium 1st 5 for 39
52 25 May 2006 England Edgbaston 1st 6 for 86
53 2 June 2006 England Trent Bridge 2nd 8 for 70
54 27 July 2006 South Africa Sinhalese Sports Gr 2nd 6 for 131
55 4 August 2006 South Africa P Saravanamuttu Stad 1st 5 for 128
56 4 August 2006 South Africa P Saravanamuttu Stad 2nd 7 for 97
57 15 December 2006 New Zealand Basin Reserve 2nd 6 for 87
58 25 June 2007 Bangladesh Sinhalese Sports Gr 1st 5 for 15
59 11 July 2007 Bangladesh Asgiriya Stadium 1st 6 for 28
60 11 July 2007 Bangladesh Asgiriya Stadium 2nd 6 for 54
61 1 December 2007 England Asgiriya Stadium 1st 6 for 55
62 9 December 2007 England Sinhalese Sports Gr 1st 5 for 116
63 3 April 2008 West Indies Queen's Park 1st 5 for 79
64 23 July 2008 India Sinhalese Sports Gr 1st 5 for 84
65 23 July 2008 India Sinhalese Sports Gr 2nd 6 for 26
66 26 December 2008 Bangladesh Shere Bangla Stadium 1st 6 for 49
67 21 July 2010 India Galle International Stadium 1st 5 for 63
Career Summary On 12 August 1993 Muralitharan made his One Day International (ODI) debut against India at the Khettarama Stadium and took 1 for 38 off ten overs. Praveen Amre was his first ODI wicket.
On 27 October 2000 in Sharjah, Muralitharan captured 7 for 30 against India, which were then the best bowling figures in One Day Internationals.
In 9 April 2002 Muralitharan achieved a career peak ODI Bowling Rating of 913, based on the LG ICC Player Rankings. This is the highest ever rating achieved by a spin bowler in One Day Internationals. This also puts him in fourth place in the LG ICC Best-Ever ODI bowling ratings.
In 2006, Muralitharan had the second (now third) highest number of runs (99) hit off him in a One Day International Innings. The Australians, especially Adam Gilchrist, attacked Muralitharan's bowling more than usual that day. It is also to be noted that Muralitharan does not have a great record against the Australians in ODIs and this was proved again as he was ineffective in the finals of the 2007 World Cup; his chief tormentor again being Gilchrist.
Muralitharan has played in four Cricket World Cup tournaments, in 1996, 1999, 2003, 2007 and 2011. Muttiah Muralitharan has captured 67 World Cup wickets and is second in the list behind Glenn McGrath who has 71, and has represented Sri Lanka in three World Cup finals. In 1996 Muralitharan was part Sri Lanka's World Cup winning team that defeated Australia in Lahore, Pakistan. Muralitharan also played in the 2007 World Cup final, when Australia defeated Sri Lanka in Bridgetown, Barbados. Muttiah Muralitharan picked up 23 wickets in the 2007 World Cup, and finished as the second highest wicket taker in the tournament behind Glenn McGrath. Muttiah Muralitharan was part of the 2011 team who lost the world cup final against India in Mumbai. It was his farewell match as well.
Muttiah Muralitharan was left out of the Sri Lankan one-day squad to tour West Indies in April 2008. The chairman of selectors Ashantha De Mel clarifying the non-selection stated that "We know he (Muralitharan) can still play in the next World Cup if he is properly looked after, so we want to use him sparingly to preserve him for the big games and the World Cup coming up in the Asian sub-continent where Muralitharan will be a threat."
Muralitharan has the highest number of career wickets in One Day Internationals, having overtaken Wasim Akram on 5 February 2009. Akram took 502 wickets in 356 matches. On 3 February 2009, Muralitharan dismissed Yuvraj Singh in his 327th match, the third ODI against India in Colombo to equal Akram's record. Muttiah Muralitharan has won 13 Man of the Match awards in this form of the game.
Table: Best ODI bowling performances
Muralitharan's best ODI bowling performances – A list of four or more wickets in a match
Date Versus Ground Wkts
6 April 1995 Bangladesh Sharjah Stadium 4 for 23
28 September 1996 Kenya Gymkhana Club Ground 4 for 18
1 October 1996 South Africa Nairobi Club Ground 4 for 35
15 April 1998 Pakistan Willowmoore Park 5 for 23
20 August 1998 England Lord's 5 for 34
15 December 1999 Zimbabwe Harare Sports Club 4 for 16
14 July 2000 South Africa Premadasa Stadium 5 for 44
27 October 2000 India Sharjah Stadium 7 for 30
31 January 2001 New Zealand McLean Park 5 for 30
23 March 2001 England Rangiri Dambulla Std 4 for 29
12 December 2001 Zimbabwe Premadasa Stadium 4 for 32
9 April 2002 New Zealand Sharjah Stadium 5 for 9
16 September 2002 Netherlands Premadasa Stadium 4 for 15
15 January 2003 Australia Brisbane Cricket Gr 4 for 27
24 February 2003 Kenya Gymkhana Club Ground 4 for 28
18 May 2003 Pakistan Rangiri Dambulla Std 5 for 23
22 April 2004 Zimbabwe Queens Sports Club 4 for 32
29 April 2004 Zimbabwe Harare Sports Club 5 for 23
20 October 2006 New Zealand Brabourne Stadium 4 for 23
18 April 2007 Ireland Queen's Park (New) 4 for 19
24 April 2007 New Zealand Sabina Park 4 for 31
30 June 2008 Bangladesh National Stadium 5 for 31
20 November 2008 Zimbabwe Harare Sports Club 4 for 14
30 November 2008 Zimbabwe Harare Sports Club 5 for 29
18 March 2011 New Zealand Wankhede Stadium 4 for 25
Batting An aggressive lower order batsman who usually bats at No. 11, Muralitharan is known for his tendency to back away to leg and slog. Sometimes, he can be troublesome for bowlers because of his unorthodox and adventurous batting ways. Once, in a Test match against England, while playing Alex Tudor, he moved back towards his leg stump trying to hook the ball and ended up lying on the ground sideways after the shot. Muttiah Muralitharan was infamously run out in a match against New Zealand when he left his crease to congratulate Kumar Sangakkara, who had just scored a single to reach his century; the New Zealand fielder had not yet returned the ball to the wicketkeeper, so the ball was still in play. Muttiah Muralitharan highest Test score of 67 came against India at Kandy in 2001, including three sixes and five fours. Muttiah Muralitharan has made valuable scores on occasion, including 30 runs against England at the Oval in 1998, including 5 fours, 38 runs (4 fours, 1 six) against England at Galle in 2003, 43 runs (5 fours, 3 sixes) against Australia at Kandy in 2004 36 runs against the West Indies at Colombo in 2005, and his highest-ever ODI score, 33 not out (4 fours and 2 sixes off 16 balls) against Bangladesh in the final of the 2009 Tri-Series in Bangladesh. In the latter match, Muralitharan's effort, which included three fours and a six off one over, played a key role in Sri Lanka winning the match and series after the first eight overs saw them reduced to 6 for 5, the lowest score ever recorded in an ODI at the fall of the fifth wicket. Muralitharan has a strike rate close to 70 in Test cricket and has scored over 55% of his Test runs in fours and sixes.
Muralitharan currently holds the record for the most ducks (dismissals for zero) ever in international cricket (Tests, ODI's and Twenty20), with a total of 59 ducks.
Abuse in Australia
Muttiah Muralitharan, who has been routinely heckled by Australian crowds, bowling in a One Day International against Australia at Brisbane in early 2006 Muralitharan has voiced his frustration at routinely being heckled by Australian crowds who accuse him of throwing – one common jeer directed at him was "No Ball!". Following the then Australian Prime Minister John Howard's statement that Muralitharan was a "chucker", in 2004, Muralitharan indicated that he would skip future tours to Australia.
Tom Moody, the former Sri Lanka coach and former Australian Test cricketer, said he was embarrassed by the derogatory reaction and negative attention directed towards Muttiah Muralitharan by Australian crowds. Moody stated that "As an Australian when I have been with the Sri Lankan team in Australia, or playing against them in the World Cup, it's the only situation we find in the whole of the cricketing world where we have this disgraceful slant on a cricketer".
During the 2008 CB series in Australia, some members of the Sri Lankan contingent including Muralitharan, were the target of an egg throwing incident in Hobart. The Sri Lankan cricket selector Don Anurasiri was hit by an egg, while Muralitharan and two others were verbally abused by a car-load of people as they were walking from a restaurant back to the hotel. Due to the incident taking place at night, it is unclear whether Muralitharan was indeed the target of the culprits. Even though the Australian coach of the Sri Lankan team, Trevor Bayliss, down-played the incident as "a non-event", Cricket Australia tightened security around the team. In response to this episode Muralitharan was quoted as saying "When you come to Australia, you expect such incidents".
At the conclusion of Muralitharan's test career cricket writer Rahul Bhattacharya summed up Muralitharan's trials thus: "Murali is described often as a fox. This seems right. Unlike hedgehog bowlers who pursue one big idea, Murali, like a fox, had many ways of pursuit. Like a fox he did not hunt in a pack. Like a fox he was himself cruelly hunted for sport in some parts of the world. Fox hunting was banned a few years ago in England, but is still legal in Australia."Retirement On 7 July 2010, Muttiah Muralitharan formally announced his retirement from Test cricket at a media briefing in Colombo. Muttiah Muralitharan confirmed that the first Test Match against India due to commence on 18 July, 2010 would be his last, but indicated that he was willing to play One-Day Internationals if it was considered necessary leading up to the 2011 World Cup, which Sri Lanka will co-host. He identified Sri Lanka's World Cup win of 1996 as his greatest moment as a cricketer. Muttiah Muralitharan also stated that there were some regrets during his 19 year playing career. "Not winning Test Matches in South Africa, Australia and India are regrets. But I am sure we will win very soon."
At the start of his last match, Muralitharan was eight short of 800 wickets. At the fall of the ninth wicket of the Indian's second innings Muralitharan still needed one wicket to reach the milestone. After 90 minutes of resistance Muralitharan was able to dismiss the last Indian batsman Pragyan Ojha on the last delivery of the over and his Test career.By doing so he became the first bowler to reach 800 wickets in Test cricket.Sri Lanka won the match by 10 wickets, the seventh time they have done so and the second time they have done it against India.
Muralitharan formally announced his retirement from international cricket after 2011 Cricket World Cup co-hosted by Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka announcing "This World Cup will be my last outing. I am retiring totally from international cricket thereafter. My time is up. I've signed up to play for two years in IPL.
World Records and Achievements
Muttiah Muralitharan holds a number of world records, and several firsts:
The most Test wickets (800 wickets as of 22 July 2010).
The most One-Day International wickets (534 wickets as of 2 April 2011).
The highest number of international wickets in Tests, ODIs and T20s combined (1320 wickets as of 22 July 2010).
The most 5-wicket hauls in an innings at Test level (67).
The most 10-wicket hauls in a match at Test level (22). Muttiah Muralitharan is the only player to take 10 wickets/match against every Test playing nation.
Fastest to 350, 400,450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750 and 800 Test wickets, in terms of matches played (indeed the only bowler to exceed 708 wickets).
Only player to take 10 wickets in a Test in four consecutive matches. Muttiah Muralitharan has achieved this feat twice.
Only player to take 50 or more wickets against every Test playing nation.
7 wickets in an innings against the most countries (5).
Most Test wickets taken bowled (157), stumped (41) and caught & bowled (31). Bowled by Muralitharan (b Muralitharan) is the most common dismissal in Test cricket (excluding run out).
Most successful bowler/fielder (non-wicket keeper) combination – c. Mahela Jayawardene b. Muttiah Muralitharan (67). * Most Man of the Series awards in Test cricket (11).
One of only six bowlers who have dismissed all the eleven batsmen in a Test match. Jim Laker, Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan, Geoff Dymock, Abdul Qadir and Waqar Younis are the others.
Most Test wickets in a single ground. Muralitharan is the only bowler to capture 100-plus Test wickets at three venues, the Sinhalese Sports Club Ground in Colombo, the Asgiriya Stadium in Kandy and the Galle International Stadium in Galle.
The only bowler to take 75 or more wickets in a calendar year on three occasions, achieving it in 2000, 2001 and 2006.
Most ducks (dismissals for zero) ever in international cricket (Tests+ODI's+Twenty20): 59 ducks total.
Cricket Awards
Wisden leading cricketer in the worldSporting positions
Preceded by
Andrew Flintoff Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World
2006 Succeeded by
Jacques Kallis
Preceded by
2000 Succeeded by
Glenn McGrath
Records
Preceded by
Courtney Walsh World Record – Most Career Wickets in Test cricket
532 wickets (22.87) in 91 Tests
Held record 8 May 2004 to 15 October 2004 Succeeded by
Shane Warne
Preceded by
Shane Warne World Record – Most Career Wickets in Test cricket
800 wickets (22.72) in 133 Tests
Has held the record since 3 December 2007 Succeeded by
Current Record Holder
Preceded by
Wasim Akram World Record - Most Career Wickets in One Day International cricket
534 wickets (23.08) in 350 ODI
Has held the record since 5 February 2009 Succeeded by
Current Record Holder
Man of Match in Test Cricket
Muttiah Muralitharan has won 19 Man Of Match awards in Test cricket.
# Date Versus Ground Inns Batting Bowling Catches
1 15 September 1995 Pakistan Iqbal Stadium 1st *8 5 for 68 0
2nd *10 2 for 83 2
2 7 January 1998 Zimbabwe Asgiriya Stadium 1st 17 5 for 23 0
2nd DNB 7 for 94 0
3 27 August 1998 England The Oval 1st 30 7 for 155 1
2nd DNB 9 for 65 0
4 5 March 2000 Pakistan Arbab Niaz Stadium 1st 22 4 for 77 1
2nd *2 6 for 71 0
5 20 July 2000 South Africa Galle Stadium 1st *2 6 for 87 0
2nd DNB 7 for 84 1
6 6 August 2000 South Africa Sinhalese Sports Gr 1st *0 3 for 70 0
2nd DNB 6 for 68 0
7 29 August 2001 India Sinhalese Sports Gr 1st DNB 8 for 87 0
2nd DNB 3 for 109 0
8 6 September 2001 Bangladesh Sinhalese Sports Gr 1st DNB 5 for 13 0
2nd DNB 5 for 98 1
9 13 November 2001 West Indies Galle Stadium 1st 14 6 for 126 1
2nd DNB 5 for 44 2
10 21 November 2001 West Indies Asgiriya Stadium 1st 4 4 for 54 0
2nd DNB 6 for 81 0
11 4 January 2002 Zimbabwe Asgiriya Stadium 1st 1 9 for 51 0
2nd DNB 4 for 64 0
12 21 July 2002 Bangladesh P Saravanamuttu Stad 1st 0 5 for 39 0
13 2 December 2003 England Galle Stadium 1st 38 7 for 46 0
2nd 13 4 for 47 0
14 6 May 2004 Zimbabwe Harare Sports Club 1st 26 6 for 45 1
2nd DNB 2 for 37 2
15 12 September 2005 Bangladesh Premadasa Stadium 1st 3 3 for 42 0
2nd DNB 6 for 18 0
16 2 June 2006 England Trent Bridge 1st 33 3 for 62 0
2nd 2 8 for 70 0
17 25 June 2007 Bangladesh Sinhalese Sports Gr 1st DNB 5 for 15 1
2nd DNB 4 for 87 1
18 11 July 2007 Bangladesh Asgiriya Stadium 1st DNB 6 for 28 2
2nd DNB 6 for 54 0
19 23 July 2008 India Sinhalese Sports Gr 1st DNB 6 for 84 1
2nd DNB 6 for 26 0
Man of Match in One Day Internationals
Muttiah Muralitharan has won 14 Man Of Match awards in one day internationals.
# Date Versus Ground Batting Bowling Catches
1 12 August 1993 India Premadasa Stadium DNB 1 for 38 0
2 28 September 1996 Kenya Gymkhana Club Ground DNB 4 for 18 0
3 20 August 1998 England Lord's DNB 5 for 34 1
4 14 July 2000 South Africa Premadasa Stadium DNB 5 for 44 0
5 27 October 2000 India Sharjah Stadium DNB 7 for 30 1
6 31 January 2001 New Zealand McLean Park *1 5 for 30 1
7 23 March 2001 England Rangiri Dambulla Std DNB 4 for 29 1
8 18 May 2003 Pakistan Rangiri Dambulla Std 19 5 for 23 1
9 7 June 2003 West Indies Kensington Oval 3 3 for 17 0
10 20 October 2006 New Zealand Brabourne Stadium DNB 4 for 23 0
12 20 November 2008 Zimbabwe Harare Sports Club DNB 4 for 14 0
13 30 November 2008 Zimbabwe Harare Sports Club 5 5 for 29 0
14 30 July 2009 Pakistan Rangiri Dambulla Std 32 2 for 46 1
Recognition In 2002, Wisden carried out a statistical analysis of all Test matches in an effort to rate the greatest cricketers in history, and Muralitharan was ranked as the best Test bowler of all time.However, two years earlier, Muralitharan was not named as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Century. Former Australian captain Steve Waugh called him "the Don Bradman of bowling".
Muralitharan was selected as the Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World in 2000 and in 2006.
On 15 November 2007, the Warne-Muralidaran Trophy was unveiled named after the two leading wicket-takers in Test cricket, Shane Warne and Muralitharan. The trophy displays images of the two spin bowlers' hands each holding a cricket ball. This trophy will be contested between Australia and Sri Lanka in all future Test series.
On 3 December 2007, just hours after Muttiah Muralitharan became Test cricket's leading Test wicket-taker, Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) announced it had unveiled a portrait of the Sri Lanka off-spinner at Lord's. On the same day the Philatelic Bureau of the Department of Posts in Sri Lanka issued a circular stamp with a denomination of Rs. 5 to mark the world record set by Muttiah Muralitharan. The circular design was meant to denote the cricket ball.
Australian musician Alston Koch provoked worldwide interest when he recorded the only official tribute song to Muralitharan, the song was even mentioned on the BBC's Test Match Special. The Muralitharan Song video was also released after he broke the world record.
On 10 January 2008, the Parliament of Sri Lanka felicitated Muttiah Muralitharan for his world record breaking feat of being the highest wicket taker in Test cricket. This is the first time that a sportsman has been honoured in the country's Supreme Legislature.
The Central Provincial Council in Kandy has decided to rename the International Cricket Stadium in Pallekele after Muttiah Muralitharan.
Controversy of Bowling Action
Throughout much of his international career, Muralitharan's action has been suspected of contravening the laws of the game by the straightening of his bowling arm during delivery. Although he has been cited three times, subsequent biomechanical testing led the ICC to clear him of the charge and permit him to continue bowling.
Biomechanical testing conducted on four occasions has fueled debate as to whether his action is in fact illegal or actually an illusion created by his allegedly unique ability to generate extra movement both at the shoulder as well the wrist enables him to bowl the doosra without straightening the elbow.
Muttiah Muralitharan bowling in SCG for ICC World XIInitial concerns as to whether Muralitharan's action contravened the laws of the game by straightening his bowling arm during delivery broke into open controversy after Australian umpire Darrell Hair called a "no ball" for an illegal action seven times during the Boxing Day Test match in Melbourne, Australia, in 1995. Australian Sir Donald Bradman, universally regarded as the greatest batsman in history, was later quoted as saying it was the "worst example of umpiring that [he had] witnessed, and against everything the game stands for. Clearly Murali does not throw the ball".
Ten days later, on 5 January 1996, Sri Lanka played the West Indies in the seventh ODI of the triangular World Series competition, in Brisbane. Umpire Ross Emerson officiating in his debut international match, no-balled Muralitharan three times in his first over, twice in his second and twice in his third. It was an identical tally to that called by Hair on Boxing Day and (like Hair) Emerson made his calls from the bowler's end while his partner stood silent. The main difference was that several no-balls were for leg-breaks instead of the bowler's normal off-breaks.
In February 1996, just before the world cup Muralitharan underwent biomechanical analysis at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology under the supervision of Prof. Ravindra Goonetilleke, who declared his action legal in the conditions tested, citing a congenital defect in Muralitharan's arm which makes him incapable of fully straightening it, but giving the appearance of fully straightening the arm. Although under the original Laws a bowler's arm did not need to be fully straightened to be in breach of a legal delivery. They concluded that his action created the 'optical illusion of throwing'. Based on this evidence ICC gave clearance to Muralitharan to continue bowling.
Second citation and testing. Doubts about Muralitharan's action persisted however, on the 1998–99 tour to Australia he was once again called for throwing by Ross Emerson during a One Day International against England at the Adelaide Oval in Australia. The Sri Lankan team almost abandoned the match, but after instructions from the President of the Board of Control for Cricket in Sri Lanka, the game resumed. The Sri Lankan captain at the time Arjuna Ranatunga, was later fined and given a suspended ban from the game as a result. It later emerged that at the time of this match Emerson was on sick leave from his non-cricket job due to a stress-related illness and he stood down for the rest of the series. Muralitharan was sent for further tests in Perth and England and was cleared again. At no stage was Muralitharan requested to change or remodel his action, by the ICC. Up to this point in his career (1999) Muralitharan primarily bowled two types of deliveries, namely the off-break and the topspinner. Muttiah Muralitharan had not yet mastered the doosra.
Third citation and testing Muralitharan continued bowling, taking his 500th Test wicket in the second Test against Australia in Kandy on 16 March 2004. At the end of the series his doosra delivery was officially called into question by match referee Chris Broad. At the University of Western Australia (Department of Human Movement and Exercise Science), three-dimensional kinematic measurements of Muttiah Muralitharan's bowling arm were taken using an optical motion capture system while he bowled his doosra. Muralitharan's mean elbow extension angle for the doosra delivery was 14°, which was subsequently reduced to a mean of 10.2° after remedial training at the University. The findings reported to ICC by the University of Western Australia's study was that Muralitharan's doosra contravened the established ICC elbow extension limit of 5° for spinners.
Under the original throwing Laws of Cricket, the umpires officiating were under an obligation to call "no-ball" to a delivery that they were not entirely happy was absolutely fair. This Law gave the umpires absolutely no discretion. In 2000, the Laws were changed to put an allowable figure of straightening of 5° for spinners, 7.5° for medium pacers and 10° for fast bowlers in an attempt to more clearly define what was legal.But these figures proved difficult to enforce due to umpires being unable to discern actual amounts of straightening and the differentiation between the three different allowable figures. Testing in Test Match conditions is not currently possible "when the identification of elbow and shoulder joint centres in on-field data collection, where a shirt is worn, also involves large errors. In a match the ability to differentiate anatomical movements such as 'elbow extension' by digitising segment end-points, particularly if you have segment rotations, is extremely difficult and prone to error. This is certainly the case with spin bowlers. It is therefore not surprising that laboratory testing is preferred, particularly for spin bowlers, where an appropriate pitch length and run-up can be structured. This is clearly the only way to test players, where data would be able to withstand scientific and therefore legal scrutiny."
An extensive ICC study, the results of which were released in November 2004, was conducted to investigate the "chucking issue". A laboratory kinematic analysis of 42 non-Test playing bowlers done by Ferdinands and Kersting (2004) established that the 5° limit for slow and spin bowlers was particularly impractical.
Due to the overwhelming scientific findings, researchers recommended that a flat rate of 15° tolerable elbow extension be used to define a preliminary demarcation point between bowling and throwing. A panel of former Test players consisting of Aravinda de Silva, Angus Fraser, Michael Holding, Tony Lewis, Tim May and the ICC's Dave Richardson, with the assistance of several biomechanical experts, stated that 99% of all bowlers in the history of cricket straighten their arms when bowling.Only one player tested (part-time bowler Ramnaresh Sarwan) reportedly did not transgress the pre 2000 rules. Many of these reports have controversially not been published and as such, the 99% figure stated has yet to be proved. In fact, Muralitharan stirred up controversy when he said during an interview with a Melbourne radio station that Jason Gillespie, Glenn McGrath and Brett Lee flexed their arms by 12, 13 and 14–15 degrees respectively, although it is unclear as to where Muralitharan quoted these figures from. Muralitharan was censured by the Sri Lankan Cricket Board for these comments.
The ICC Executive was asked to ratify the panel's recommendations at the ICC's Annual General Meeting in February 2005. Based on the recommendations the ICC issued a new guideline (which was effective from 1 March 2005) allowing for extensions or hyperextensions of up to 15 degrees for all types of bowlers, thus deeming Muralitharan's doosra to be legal.
Explaining why the maximum level of 15 degrees was arrived at, panel member Angus Fraser stated "That is the number which biomechanics says that it (straightening) becomes visible. It is difficult for the naked eye to see less than 15 degrees in a bowler's action. We found when the biceps reached the shoulder the amount of bend was around 165 degrees. Very few bowlers can get to 180 degrees because the joint doesn't allow that. ... but once you go further than 15 degrees you get into an area which is starting to give you an unfair advantage and you are breaking the law".
University of South Australia study. The original decision of disallowing the doosra bowling action was hailed widely as justifiable on account of being scientifically based. Hence, a team of Australian scientists representing the University of South Australia conducted an independent research, in line with modern Artificial Intelligence and biomechanics in order to solve the controversial issue arise from doosra. The University of South Australia's study, founded by Prof. Mahinda Pathegama, and contributed by Prof. Ozdemir Gol, Prof. J. Mazumdar, Prof. Tony Worsley and Prof. Lakmi Jain has analyzed the previous studies with close scrutiny since the techniques in their fields of expertise are employed in the course of assessment as the basis for decision-making. The findings based on this scientific study are overwhelming and Dave Richardson, General Manager ICC stated that the ICC is currently reviewing the Law on throwing and the ICC regulations and the study done by Prof. Mahinda Pathegama with UniSA scientists is a valuable source of information in this regard. The team of Australian scientists including Sri Lankan-born Australian scientist, Prof. Mahinda Pathegama reporting their findings, in line with the Muralitharan test to ICC, has analyzed in-depth various issues, such as Pitfalls in image interpretation when using 2D images for 3D modeling associates compared to the modern techniques in Artificial Intelligence and biomechanics, and Biomechanics assessment for doosra bowling action, etc. Pathegama at al. (2004) further reports on the Disagreement of expression on measurement accuracy in the Murali Report, with the analysis of the Motion tracking system used for the Murali Report, and discussing Cognitive aspects, Evidence of errors in Anthropometric assessment and movement tracking, Lateral inhibition in response tracking, Psycho-physiological aspect on post-assessments, Angular measurement errors, Skin marker induced errors, Geometrics-and physics-based 3D modeling and the Approach to on-field assessment, etc.
The Muralitharan Report produced by the University of Western Australia's study has considered the Richards study done in 1999 to evaluate the error margin. University of South Australia's study done by Prof. Mahinda Pathegama argued that the Richards study which was presented by the University of Western Australia's study has used a rigid aluminium bar that only rotated in the horizontal plane to introduce such error margin. Pathegama's report stated that "in view of the system used in the test itself yielding considerable error even with a rigid aluminum bar (an accuracy level of approximately 4 degrees as stated in the Murali Report), it stands to reason that the error margin would be considerably larger when tracking skin markers on a spin bowler's moving upper limb by this same system".
Vincent Barnes in an interview argues that Bruce Elliott, the UWA professor who is also the ICC biomechanist, had made an interesting discovery in his dealings with finger spinners. " Muttiah Muralitharan said he had found that a lot of bowlers from the subcontinent could bowl the doosra legally, but not Caucasian bowlers."
Fourth round of testing On 2 February 2006, Muralitharan underwent a fourth round of biomechanical testing. There had been criticism that the previous round of tests in July 2004 did not replicate match conditions due to a slower bowling speed in the laboratory tests. The results showed that the average elbow flexation while bowling the 'doosra' delivery was 12.2 degrees, at an average of 53.75 mph (86 km/h). The average for his off-break was 12.9 degrees at 59.03 mph (99.45 km/h).
Bowling with an arm braceIn July 2004 Muralitharan was filmed in England, bowling with an arm brace on. The film was shown on Britain's Channel 4 during the Test against England on 22 July 2004. The documentary is not available for purchase and has not been aired in Australia.
Initially, Muralitharan bowled three balls – the off-spinner, the top-spinner and the doosra – as he would in a match. Then he bowled the same three balls with a brace that is made from steel bars, which are set into strong resin. This brace has been moulded to his right arm, is approximately 46 centimetres long and weighs just under 1 kilogram.
TV presenter Mark Nicholas who tried the brace himself, confirmed that "There is no way an arm can be bent, or flexed, when it is in this brace." All three balls reacted in the same way as when bowled without the brace. They were not bowled quite so fast because the weight of the brace restricts the speed of Muralitharan's shoulder rotation, but the spin was still there.
With the brace on, there still appeared to be a jerk in his action. When studying the film at varying speeds, it still appeared as if he straightened his arm, even though the brace makes it impossible to do so. Muttiah Muralitharan unique shoulder rotation and amazing wrist action seem to create the illusion that he straightens his arm.
The off-spinner said the exercise was to convince a sceptical public rather than sway an ICC investigation into bowling actions launched after he was reported by match referee Chris Broad for his doosra delivery in March 2004, the third time action has been taken on his bowling. In an interview for August 2004 edition of Wisden Asia Cricket, Muralitharan stated "I think it will prove a point to those who had said that it was physically impossible to bowl a ball that turned the other way. I proved that it was possible to bowl the doosra without bending the arm."
In 2004 at the R Premadasa Stadium in Colombo, Muralitharan voluntarily performed a series of tests with live video cameras. Michael Slater and Ravi Shastri witnessed it all unfold. Muralitharan once again showed he could bowl all his deliveries including the doosra with an arm brace that prevents any straightening of his elbow. Orthopediatrician Dr Mandeep Dillon stated that Muralitharan's unusual ability to generate extra movement both at the shoulder as well the wrist enables him to bowl the doosra without straightening the elbow.
Critics and converts.Two vocal critics of Muralitharan's action have been former Test cricketers, Australian Dean Jones and Bishan Bedi, the former Indian captain. Dean Jones later admitted to being wrong in his assessment of Murali when he witnessed first hand Murali bowling with an arm-brace on.
Michael Holding, the former West Indian fast bowler was also a critic of Muralitharan, but withdrew his criticisms under the light of the tests carried out. Holding had been quoted as being in "110% agreement" with Bedi, who likened Murali's action to a "javelin throw" and more recently, compared to a "shot putter". Following the ICC study, as a member of the panel that conducted the study, Holding stated, "The scientific evidence is overwhelming ... When bowlers who to the naked eye look to have pure actions are thoroughly analysed with the sophisticated technology now in place, they are likely to be shown as straightening their arm by 11 and in some cases 12 degrees. Under a strict interpretation of the Law, these players are breaking the rules. The game needs to deal with this reality and make its judgment as to how it accommodates this fact."
In May 2002, Adam Gilchrist, speaking at a Carlton (Australian) Football Club luncheon, claimed Muralitharan's action does not comply with the Laws of cricket. The Melbourne-based Age newspaper quoted Gilchrist as saying."Yeah, I think he does (chuck), and I say that because, if you read the Laws of the game, there's no doubt in my mind that he and many others, throughout cricket history have." These comments were made before the doosra controversy, in spite of Muralitharan's action having been cleared by ICC in both 1996 and 1999. For his comment Gilchrist was reprimanded by the Australian Cricket Board (ACB) and found guilty of being in breach of ACB rules concerned with "detrimental public comment".
During the 2006 tour of New Zealand another Muralitharan critic, former New Zealand captain and cricket commentator Martin Crowe, called for Muralitharan's doosra to be monitored more closely, asserting that his action seemed to deteriorate during a match. Earlier that year when delivering the Cowdrey lecture at Lords Martin Crowe had demanded zero tolerance instead of 15 degrees for throwing and specifically branded Muttiah Muralitharan a chucker.In response to Crowe's criticism ICC general manager Dave Richardson stated that the scientific evidence presented by biomechanists Professor Bruce Elliot, Dr Paul Hurrion and Mr Marc Portuswith was overwhelming and clarified that "Some bowlers, even those not suspected of having flawed actions, were found likely to be straightening their arms by 11 or 12 degrees. And at the same time, some bowlers that may appear to be throwing may be hyper-extending or bowl with permanently bent elbows. Under a strict interpretation of the law, they were breaking the rules – but if we ruled out every bowler that did that then there would be no bowlers left."
Scientific research on bowling actionsSince 1999 there has been a number of scientific research publications discussing the Muralitharan's bowling action as well the need for defining the legality of a bowling action using biomechanical concepts. This research has directly contributed towards the official acceptance of Muralitharan's bowling action and has convinced the ICC to redefine the bowling laws in cricket.
Philanthropy
Muralitharan, along with his manager Kushil Gunasekara, established the Foundation of Goodness,a charity organization, in the early 2000s. This organization is committed to the wellbeing of the Seenigama region (in southern Sri Lanka) and supports local communities through a range of projects across areas including children's needs, education and training, health care and psycho-social support, housing, livelihoods, sport and the environment. Murali’s Seenigama project raised funds from cricketers and administrators in England and Australia. Canadian pop-star Bryan Adams donated a swimming pool.
Muralitharan also plans to build a second sports complex for war-displaced civilians in Mankulam, a town located 300 kilometers from north of Colombo. The two-year one million dollar project aims to build a sports center, a school, English and IT training centers and an Elders' home.While the Sports Complex remains the main project, Foundation of Goodness also plans to help educate children, youth and adults. English cricketer Sir Ian Botham visited Mankulam with Muralitharan, and later addressing the media in Colombo on 27 March 2011 said that he will consider a walk from Point Pedro (the extreme northern tip of Sri Lanka) to Dondra Head (the extreme southern tip of Sri Lanka) to raise funds for the project.
In June 2004, Muralitharan also joined the United Nations World Food Program as an ambassador to fight hunger among school children.
When the tsunami devastated Sri Lanka on 26 December 2004, Muralitharan galvanised into action to ensure that aid reached people that needed it. Muttiah Muralitharan himself narrowly escaped death, arriving 20 minutes late at Seenigama, where he was to give away prizes at one of the charity projects he worked on. While international agencies were bringing food in by air, there was an urgent need for transport, and Murali organised three convoys of 10 trucks each, paying for these himself, to get the food to people who needed it. Muttiah Muralitharan persuaded those who could to donate clothes, and supervised the delivery himself.
During the hard work of rehabilitation in the tsunami's aftermath, cement was in short supply. Muralitharan promptly signed an endorsement deal with Lafarge, a global cement giant, that was a straight barter, where cement would be supplied to the Foundation for Goodness in exchange for work Muralitharan did. During the first three years since the tsunami, the foundation raised more than US$ 4 million to help survivors, and has built homes, schools, sports facilities and computer centres.
Product and Brand Endorsements
Mobitel (Sri Lanka): 2008 – present
Indian Oil Corporation: 2004–2005
Janashakthi Insurance: 2004–2008
Ceylinco Consolidated – Ceylinco Life: 2008 – present
Western Union: 2006–2008
KFC: 2008 – present
Reebok brand ambassador – present
Royal Stag
Peter England (with CSK team)
QNet’s Brand Ambassador: Mr Muttiah Muralidaran (http://blog.qnet.net/2010/07/congratulations-to-qnets-brand-ambassador-muralidaran-for-reaching-new-heights/)
